Couple months ago I saw a article on the news saying that a school is making sure that every student has an iPad and a laptop and they were boasting about it, but I think that is a problem.
几个月前我在新闻上看到一篇文章说一所学校正在确保每个学生都有一台iPad和一台笔记本电脑他们还在为此炫耀，但我认为这是个问题。
There is a lot of research out there in the damage of what happens when digital technologies come into schools. We know that when students, especially younger students, get access to laptops and iPads, it increases distractibility, it reduces critical thinking, it reduces problem-solving skills, academic achievement across the board tends to go down.
有大量研究指出了其危害，当数字技术进入学校时会发生什么。我们知道，当学生，尤其是低年级学生，接触到笔记本电脑和iPad时，会更容易分心，会削弱批判性思维，会降低解决问题的能力，学业成绩普遍趋于下降。
And it's a complicated topic. And what I want to talk about is less about that research cuz that is readily available and easy to find. What I want to talk about is something more along the lines of where I think there could be a solution.
而这是一个复杂的话题。我想谈论的并不是那项研究，因为它很容易获取也很容易找到。我想谈论的是更倾向于我认为可能存在解决方案的地方。
Because the issue is not whether people have laptops or iPads. And it's sort of unavoidable. And instead I think we need to be focusing on understanding why does introducing edtech often harm learning outcomes?
因为问题不在于人们是否拥有笔记本电脑或iPad。而这在某种程度上是无法避免的。相反，我认为我们需要专注于理解为什么引入教育科技往往会损害学习成果？
And number two, why it is honestly really hard to create good edtech products. And this is coming from the perspective of someone who is a learning coach as well as someone who makes edtech products.
第二点，为什么这真的很难创造出好的教育科技产品。这是从一个既是学习教练又是教育科技产品制作者的人的视角出发的。
And I think the easiest way to teach you about this is to put yourself in the position where you are making an edtech product and how you think about learners and learning outcomes in that context.
我认为教你了解这一点的最简单方法就是让你自己置身于制作教育科技产品的情境中并思考在那个情境下你如何看待学习者和学习成果。
From your perspective, there are two outcomes that you're trying to achieve, right? The first outcome you're trying to achieve is some kind of beneficial learner outcome. And second of all, because you are a business, you need to make money.
从你的角度来看，你试图实现两种结果，对吧？你试图实现的第一个结果是某种有益的学习者成果。其次，因为你是一个企业，你需要赚钱。
So, there is a financial benefit for you as the as the owner of this edtech company. In order to make a product that achieves these goals, you have to have a clear understanding about what metrics allow you to know whether you are improving on these things.
所以，作为这家教育科技公司的所有者你能获得经济收益。为了打造出能实现这些目标的产品，你必须清楚地了解哪些指标能让你知道你是否正在这些方面取得进步。
This one is easy. Learner outcomes, this is much more complicated. Is easy to measure, is not often meaningful. So, a really typical example of an EdTech product would be you have a content platform with a bunch of different videos and lessons.
这个很简单。学习者成果，这要复杂得多。容易衡量，往往没有意义。所以，一个非常典型的教育科技产品例子是你有一个包含许多不同视频的内容平台和课程。
And so, what are the things that you would measure? You would measure how often someone logs in. You might measure how often people come back to it. So, frequency of visits. You might measure the duration of the sessions.
那么，你会衡量哪些方面呢？你会衡量某人登录的频率。你可能会衡量人们回访的频率。所以，访问频率。你可以测量会话的持续时间。
And so, you would say, "Hey, by introducing this product, we are seeing that your learners are logging in here twice a week, spending 2 hours a week on this platform. And because the stuff in here is valuable instructional material, that means that they are getting 2 hours of instructional learning and training twice a week.
于是，你会说，“嘿，通过引入这个产品，我们看到你的学习者每周登录这里两次，每周在这个平台上花费2小时。而且因为这里面的内容是宝贵的教学材料，这意味着他们正在获得每周两次、每次2小时的教学学习和培训。
Therefore, this is good." None of these metrics lead to the actual learner outcome that matters, which is usually having knowledge that you can use in your brain, or having problem-solving skills, or having critical thinking skills.
因此，这很好。”这些指标都无法反映真正重要的学习者成果，通常是在你的大脑中拥有可以使用的知识，或者拥有解决问题的能力，或者拥有批判性思维能力。
If you're teaching like a literal physical skill, the outcome that matters is that person's ability to use and implement the skill. Just because someone logs in, spends a lot of time on here, and comes back to it frequently, does not actually translate to that.
如果你教的是某种实际的身体技能，真正重要的结果是那个人使用和实施这项技能的能力。仅仅因为有人登录了，在这里花了很多时间，并且频繁地回来，并不能真正转化为这一点。
And the issue is that this stuff is very easy to measure. This stuff is very difficult to measure, and it's very complicated. And in the research, the short answer is we still don't really know what are the best ways to measure true learner outcomes when it is not to literally test them on their achievement.
而问题在于，这些东西非常容易衡量。这些东西很难衡量，而且非常复杂。在研究中，简单来说，我们仍然不太清楚衡量真实学习者成果的最佳方式是什么，当这并非字面意义上测试他们的成就时。
And even when you do test them on their achievement, the way that the test is set up, that may also not be meaningful or translate to sort of the real benefit. So, for example, you could create a test for someone after they've learned a subject, but does the fact that they've passed this test actually mean that they can perform on the job?
即使你确实测试了他们的成就，测试的设置方式，也可能没有意义，或者无法转化为某种真正的益处。所以，举例来说，你可以为某人设计一个测试，在他们学完一门科目之后，但他们通过了这个测试，是否真的意味着他们能在工作中表现出色？
Are they going to continue to do well in that subject moving forward? Have they developed the critical thinking skills necessary to succeed in that domain? These are things that are very difficult to measure.
他们会在那门科目上继续表现出色吗？他们是否已经发展出在该领域取得成功所必需的批判性思维能力？这些都是非常难以衡量的事情。
And so, most of the industry is that they look at this and they say, "This is just too hard to measure. All we have to do is measure the stuff we can measure, that's easy to measure, and present enough of a case to get it funded.
因此，大多数业内人士看到这一点然后他们说，“这实在太难衡量了。我们只需衡量那些我们能衡量的东西，那些容易衡量的东西，并提出足够的理由来获得资金支持。
And unless you are very in tune with the learning science, you generally don't actually see what the issue is with measuring this. And so, for me, as a product creator who understands a lot of the learning science and understands how difficult this is, over the last 3 years, I've probably spent around 2 to 3 million dollars to figure out how to build learning products where it's not just about whether they're logging in, but really measuring do they have the skill?
除非你对学习科学非常了解，否则你通常不会真正看出测量这个指标的问题所在。所以，对我来说，作为一个产品创造者，我了解很多学习科学并且明白这有多难，在过去3年里，我大概花了200到300万美元来弄清楚如何构建学习产品这不仅仅关乎他们是否登录，而是真正衡量他们是否掌握了技能？
Is that skill transferable? Is that skill resilient and long-lasting? And the reason that this is so hard with digital products and digital technologies is because the learning happens without supervision.
这项技能是否可迁移？这项技能是否具有适应力且持久？而这就是数字产品和数字技术如此困难的原因是因为学习是在没有监督的情况下进行的。
So, in order for someone to go from a online learning platform to taking that stuff offline and applying it in their life where it really matters, which is where all the real learning happens.
因此，为了让某人从在线学习平台将那些东西带到线下并应用到他们生活中真正重要的地方，而这就是所有真正学习发生的地方。
You can consume the information online, but you have to be in your own brain thinking about it, working through it, problem-solving, trying things out, getting that feedback, reflecting on it.
你可以在线获取信息，但你必须用自己的大脑去思考它，深入钻研，解决问题，尝试各种方法，获得反馈，并对此进行反思。
Those processes happen inside someone's brain, it happens offline, and there is very little visibility on that. And this process is also difficult. The person has to deliberately engage in effortful reflection and thinking to get better at this.
这些过程发生在某人的大脑内部，它发生在离线状态下，而且几乎没有什么可见性。这个过程也很困难。这个人必须刻意地投入费力的反思和思考才能在这方面变得更好。
And that is something that if you try to create a product that gets them to do that, it actually reduces these metrics because people don't want to do that. They move away from the effort so that they are are less likely to engage.
而这就是那种，如果你试图创造一个产品让他们去做那件事，它实际上会降低这些指标，因为人们不想那样做。他们会远离这种费力的事，所以他们不太可能参与。
They don't want to come onto the platform anymore because every time they come onto the platform, they are punished by being forced to do something that's effortful. Even if that effortful thing is the thing that's actually going to benefit them.
他们不想再上平台了因为每次他们上平台，都会受到惩罚被迫去做一些费劲的事情。即使那件费劲的事情就是实际上会对他们有益的事情。
And so coming back to the issue with how you integrate digital products in schools or workplaces, the issue is not about whether they have access to an iPad or a laptop because like again it's inevitable.
所以回到这个问题关于如何将数字产品整合到学校或工作场所中，问题不在于他们是否能接触到iPad或笔记本电脑因为就像我说的，这是不可避免的。
The issue is how are we teaching people to navigate voluntarily proactively pushing themselves to do this type of thinking. So when you look studies around digital technologies and how people use digital tools, what you typically find is that the harm of laptops, iPads, reading and learning from screens almost becomes zero once you start teaching people how to actually engage with the material.
问题在于我们如何教导人们自愿地、主动地去应对推动自己进行这种类型的思考。所以，当你查看有关数字技术的研究时以及人们如何使用数字工具时，你通常会发现，笔记本电脑、iPad、通过屏幕阅读和学习所带来的危害几乎变为零，一旦你开始教人们如何真正投入地学习这些材料。
When you teach people that all the beneficial things about learning come from that effortful process that you don't want to do. When you teach people to deliberately think actively even though it's more confusing and even though it's more effortful, then we see the harms of digital technologies come down so that it's almost negligible.
当你教会人们，所有关于学习的有益之处都来自那个你不想去做的费力过程。当你教人们刻意主动思考时即使这更令人困惑即使这更费力，那么我们就会看到数字技术的危害降低以至于几乎可以忽略不计。
The issue is right now we do not do that very well. And so people will engage with these digital technologies the way that they generally form habits around. And most of those habits are formed outside of learning settings.
问题在于，目前我们在这方面做得并不好。因此人们会以他们通常形成习惯的方式来接触这些数字技术。而这些习惯中的大多数都是在学习环境之外形成的。
If I'm scrolling through something on my phone most of the time I'm not thinking about that stuff in an effortful way. And so I develop all these habits around if I'm learning stuff digitally, I tend to process it and think about it at this level.
如果我在手机上浏览什么大多数时候我并不会费力地去思考那些东西。所以我养成了所有这些习惯如果我是在数字化地学习东西，我往往会在这个层面上处理和思考它。
That habit starts forming. And so now when we have to do something that's more effortful, when we're actually trying to learn from it, those habits fight against us. And this is also the reason why agree with banning these types of technologies for young children.
这个习惯开始形成。所以现在，当我们必须做更费力的事情时，当我们真正试图从中学习时，这些习惯会与我们作对。这也是为什么我同意禁止这些类型的技术用于幼儿。
Because for young children, their cognitive maturity, their neurodevelopment is not sufficient enough to learn the types of strategies that are necessary to do that kind of self-regulation.
因为对于幼儿来说，他们的认知成熟度，他们的神经发育还不够充分无法学习那些必要的策略来进行那种自我调节。
To feel that they innately, habitually want to do things that are lower effort. They want to skim through things and process things more shallowly. To recognize that emotion and then to reframe it and then to deliberately engage in a more complicated, effortful, active thinking process.
他们天生就感到，习惯性地想做那些更省力的事情。他们想粗略地浏览事物并更浅层地处理信息。去识别那种情绪，然后重新构建它然后有意识地参与一个更复杂、更费力、更主动的思考过程。
That is a very sophisticated type of behavior. Even adults struggle to train that. And so, if we're introducing these technologies in schools where the students have not learned this, then all you're going to introduce is all the harms that come from developing those bad habits.
这是一种非常高级的行为类型。即使是成年人也很难训练这一点。所以，如果我们在学校里引入这些技术而学生们还没有学会这些那么你引入的只会是所有的危害那些来自养成坏习惯的危害。
And that's going to become a debt that this person is going to have to repay later in life, unlearning all of these bad habits that have been set there for years. But, here's the real issue.
而这将变成一笔债这个人余生都得偿还的债，去改掉所有这些坏习惯那些已经存在多年的坏习惯。但是，真正的问题在这里。
The real issue, the really dangerous thing that makes me want to make this video now is that the dangers are greater than it has ever been because now, when you give someone access to these digital technologies, you're also giving them access to AI and LLMs.
真正的问题，真正危险的事情，让我现在就想制作这个视频的原因是危险比以往任何时候都更大因为现在，当你让某人接触这些数字技术时，你也在让他们接触人工智能和大语言模型。
We're giving access to something that makes it easier than ever to avoid effortful thinking. Something that reinforces an avoidance of effortful thinking. If you have a question, if you're confused about something, you need an answer, you just chuck it into your favorite LLM, it spits out an answer.
我们正在让人们接触某种东西它使人们比以往任何时候都更容易逃避需要努力的思考。某种强化回避费力思考的东西。如果你有问题，如果你对某事感到困惑，你需要一个答案，你只需把它扔进你最喜欢的LLM，它就吐出一个答案。
And not only does it spit out an answer, it makes you feel like you have knowledge and now you you know, the problem is solved. Not only that, but it also responds in a way that makes you feel good about it.
而且它不仅吐出一个答案，还让你感觉自己拥有了知识，现在你知道了，问题解决了。不仅如此，它还会以一种让你感觉良好的方式回应。
We use AI to avoid effort and we are positively reinforced for doing that. And that is the perfect recipe for forming habits. And so, in my mind, generally, I try to avoid black and white thinking because I I feel that it's usually not accurate.
我们用人工智能来逃避努力，并且这种行为会得到正向强化。而这正是养成习惯的完美配方。所以，在我看来，通常，我尽量避免非黑即白的思维方式因为我觉得这通常并不准确。
But, I think we're at a point where we really need to be thinking about this in a black and white way. Either you start training intensively, explicitly as part of a major focus in the curriculum around how to do active deliberate thinking, the dangers of avoiding effortful thinking, and then you continue to incorporate digital technologies and digital technologies training.
但是，我认为我们现在正处于一个真正需要以非黑即白的方式来思考这个问题的时刻。要么你开始进行高强度训练，明确地将其作为课程中一个重点部分，围绕如何进行主动的刻意思考，避免费力思考的危险，然后你继续融入数字技术以及数字技术培训。
Or, if you're not ready to do that type of training, don't give them the digital technologies because the detriment and the risk that is potentially lifelong at developing those types of habits is extremely high.
或者，如果你还没有准备好进行那种训练，就不要给他们数字技术产品，因为其危害和风险可能是终身的，在养成那些类型的习惯方面，极其之高。
In fact, almost guaranteed. And I have personally seen with the clients that I work with, professionals, experienced professionals who have years of experience under their belt, have their cognitive ability and their critical thinking and their problem-solving ability decline precipitously within the space of like 1 year of heavy AI usage.
事实上，几乎必然如此。而在我所合作的客户中，我亲眼目睹过，专业人士，经验丰富的专业人士他们拥有多年的从业经验，他们的认知能力和批判性思维以及他们解决问题的能力急剧下降在大量使用人工智能大约1年的时间内。
And the studies that are coming out show that you have to be very careful about the way that you use these technologies because if you're not careful, your brain will adapt. And so I genuinely believe with the direction that modern education is taking, I think that modern education is failing the next generation.
而不断涌现的研究表明你必须非常小心关于你使用这些技术的方式因为如果你不小心，你的大脑就会适应。所以我真心认为随着现代教育的发展方向，我认为现代教育正在辜负下一代。
We need to have real discussions about actual solutions. What are we literally going to implement to protect that generation? Because otherwise, by default, the harm is going to happen.
我们需要就实际的解决方案进行真正的讨论。我们究竟要实施什么来保护那一代人？因为否则，默认情况下，伤害就会发生。
These are the conversations that we need to start having. And it's something that I feel really passionate about. But it affects all of us. I'm interested to know what's your experience.
这些正是我们需要开始进行的对话。这是我非常有热情的一件事。但它影响到我们所有人。我很想知道你的经历是什么。
What do you think about this issue? And what do you think we need to do to start solving this tomorrow? I want this video, and especially the comments below this, to be that place to have some of these discussions.
你对这个问题怎么看？你认为我们需要做什么才能明天就开始解决这个问题？我希望这个视频，尤其是下面的评论，能成为进行这些讨论的地方。
And whether you agree with me or disagree with me, I welcome it all. Let's just talk about it because the alternative is that we don't and nothing happens and nothing changes.
无论你同意我还是反对我，我都欢迎。我们就来谈谈吧，因为另一种选择是我们不谈，什么也不会发生，什么也不会改变。
